Yes, it's possible. Afaik all you Need to do is to create several new building menus, add them to pioneer squads and then couple those menus to the doctrine.
Like: build_menu_elite, build_menu_propaganda etc., with requirements "usage_and_display when playerupgrade Propaganda = true"
I think that's all.
But I have to warn you: coupling too much stuff to a doctrine makes the gameplay very strange, as you're forced into a certain direction very early. Battle of the Bulge mod did this and I didn't enjoy the gameplay at all.